Ĭollective trauma is when psychological trauma experienced by communities and identity groups is carried on as part of the group's collective memory and shared sense of identity. The term intergenerational transmission refers to instances whereby the traumatic effects are passed down from the directly traumatized generation to their offspring, and transgenerational transmission is when the offspring then pass the effects down to descendants who have not been exposed to the initial traumatic event - at least the grandchildren of the original sufferer for males, and their great-grandchildren for females. The primary modes of transmission are the uterine environment during pregnancy causing epigenetic changes in the developing embryo, and the shared family environment of the infant causing psychological, behavioral and social changes in the individual. Transgenerational trauma is the psychological and physiological effects that the trauma experienced by people has on subsequent generations in that group. ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) WikiProject Genetics may be able to help recruit an expert. The specific problem is: The article contains multiple pseudoscientific claims, such as that dance therapy can change someone's DNA. Transcultural psychiatry, 48(4), 367-391.This article needs attention from an expert in genetics. The impact of stressors on second generation Indian residential school survivors. Transcultural psychiatry, 51(3), 320-338.īombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. The intergenerational effects of Indian Residential Schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma. Trauma and its wake, 1, 295-313.īombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. The treatment and prevention of long-term effects and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from Holocaust survivors and their children. She continues to research and write on residential schools and intergenerational trauma.ĭanieli, Y. She is an intergenerational survivor and Ojibway scholar who teaches at Dalhousie University. Effects of parental trauma have since been proven to cause genetic changes that can be inherited by children.Īmy Bombay was one of the first writers about Indigenous intergenerational trauma Amy Bombay. Holocaust researchers called this phenomenon “intergenerational trauma”. Despite never having directly experienced the Holocaust, the children had similar patterns to their parents. Those children exhibited a similar phenomenon. Residential school researchers turned to research targeting the children of Holocaust survivors from the Second World War. Holocaust survivors helped unlock understanding of intergenerational trauma Today, Indigenous communities have long journeys against this systemic trauma. Family structure, rather than being based on the kinship model where everyone had responsibility for everyone else (sisters and brothers) became based on the learned and conditioned behaviours associated with trauma. What remained was the pain, the inability to heal and all of the accompanying impacts. Therefore, the impact from trauma occurs both as a result of the trauma itself and from the inability to undertake healing practices. Colonizers first created the harm and compounded the trauma by outlawing the Indigenous culture practices that could heal the harm done in the 1884 amendment to the Indian Act. Today, it is embedded into the very fabric of some communities. While some of this is expected as “learned behavior,” some of it could only be explained as inherited (innate) behaviours.įor Indigenous Peoples in Canada, intergenerational trauma has been passed on through generations. They found that, despite not having attended the schools, many children of survivors exhibited traumatic responses ranging from depression, suicidality and anger, all the way to post-traumatic stress disorder. To identify the best ways to help survivors, they first needed to understand and define the problem. After the Canadian Indian residential school disclosures in the 1990s and early 2000s, researchers and educators began to catalogue the impacts of the residential schools, first as an educational process and later to assist with healing.
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